The Turner & Turner Textbook Analysis Framework ©2023
outlines 6 forms of racial & cultural bias found in textbooks within teacher education programs. 

The racialized class divide & normalization of white, middle-class values & norms in educational research & teacher education is reflected in education curriculum, standards, & textbooks. These knowledge systems send messages to students about the social value of histories & perspectives enacted
(or not) in curriculum. These racial & cultural biases, perpetuated in teacher education programs, reproduce social inequities through the disparate behavior control, over policing, disciplinary action & high expulsion rates of Children of Color in K-12 schooling. 

Selective Xenophobia
The preference of a member of the social status quo to assume their ways of being are inherently and exclusively right or superior to others’. Selective xenophobia shows a disdain, devaluing, or hostility toward the cultural ways of “others” unless they align with the cultural standard of whiteness. Authors may use descriptive language to imply others' cultural ways of being or knowing are based in ignorance or another inherent deficiency unless they reflected white middle-class norms. 
Assumption of Privilege
An assumption that all groups have equitable access to goods and resources and/or similar beliefs and values as the white middle-class. 
Assumptions of Deficit
The way white, middle-class, Christian values and practices are normalized or portrayed as the ideal, while the practices of People of Color or people from low-income households are perceived as deficient. This is rooted in the white supremist practice of comparing every racial and cultural group to the white status quo. 
Coded Language & Coded Words
These messages promote assumptions about what is to be white versus what it means to be a member of an “othered” cultural group. Divisive, ambiguous language (such as “urban” or “ethnic”) is used as a blanket term for racially marginalized groups instead of being explicit about the populations being referred to. 
Terms like “seemingly”, “perhaps”, and “maybe” are used to present disparaging conclusions about Communities of Color without citation of culturally relevant research. 
Statistical Violence
The way authors skew and weaponize statistics to paint deficit pictures of racialized groups and individuals. This is evidenced in the use of white, Christian, heteronormative knowledge and values as the standard to which all “other” cultural groups are compared. 
Cultural Shaming 
The act of presenting information—whether factual or constructed— to socially dishonor, disgrace, humiliate, or shame another person, group, belief system, or cultural way of being.